|
SG@HOME IDEAS COMPETITION RECEIVES INNOVATIVE IDEAS FOR SHARING
COMPUTING RESOURCES
17 Nov 2004
SINGAPORE, 17 November 2004 – From
weather/climate forecast, to new age drama show and cryptography
for national
defence, these are some of the winning entries for the SG@Home
Ideas Competition. These winning idea(s) may be translated
into real application(s) that will run using the aggregated
computing power of many PCs in homes, schools and other organisations.
Held from 3 September to 15 October 2004,
the Competition tapped onto the collective creative talents
of our students
and the general public to identify suitable ideas for the
SG@home – a project that aims to harness the spare
cycles of PCs in homes, schools and other organisations.
The competition was jointly organised by the Infocomm Development
Authority of Singapore (IDA), the Educational Technology
Division of the Ministry of Education (MOE), the National
Grid Office (NGO) and the Singapore Science Centre (SSC).
The competition has 3 categories: Schools, Institutes of
Higher Learning (IHLs) and Open. There are 3 prizes for each
category. In addition, for the Schools and IHLs categories,
a prize will be awarded to the school and IHL that has contributed
the most number of shortlisted ideas. The prizes are sponsored
by Hewlett-Packard.
Dr Koh Thiam Seng, Director, Educational
Technology Division of the Ministry of Education said “This
competition offered a good opportunity for students to
learn more about
grid computing, a potentially useful emerging technology,
and to exercise their creative talents to come out with innovative
ideas on the application of this technology."
In all, 711 submissions were received, out of which, more
than 650 entries were from the Schools category. Anglo-Chinese
School (Independent) won the award for the highest number
of shortlisted innovative ideas for the Schools Category
while the honours for the IHLs Category went to National
University of Singapore. (Please refer to Annex A for the
list of winning entries)
The entries covered a wide range of areas, such as arts,
defence and technology, and health. These challenges typically
require huge amounts of compute resources. With grid computing,
it would definitely cut down efforts and resources and allow
more ideas to be tried out.
“In our opinion, schools and institutes of higher
learning are one of the best learning grounds to experiment
with new solutions and to understand how new technology can
best be integrated into the real world – both academically
and commercially. The SG@Home project complements HP’s
efforts in fostering collaboration for a truly operational
Grid,” said Leong Say Haur, General Manager and Director
(Customer Solutions Group) of HP Singapore.
For
further information on the SG@home Ideas Competition, please
refer to the SG@home website at www.ngp.org.sg/sghome.
About National Grid Office
The National Grid Office (NGO) was set up on 2 January 2003.
The National Grid vision is to realize "a Singapore
where computing resources can be connected together via
a high-speed network such that these resources can be shared
in a secure, reliable and efficient manner by authenticated
users for education, commercial, entertainment, research
and development, national security, and other purposes
so as to improve the economic & technological competitiveness
of Singapore and also the quality of life in Singapore.
NGO aim to develop the framework and infrastructure to achieve
the vision for National Grid by the following means: Formulate
the framework and policies; Plan and develop a secure platform;
Adopt common open standards; Encourage the adaptation of
Grid Computing; Demonstrate the commercial viability of compute-resource-on-tap;
and Lay the foundation for a vibrant Grid Computing economy.
For more information, please visit www.ngp.org.sg.
About Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore
The Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) is
committed to growing Singapore into a dynamic global infocomm
hub. IDA uses an integrated approach to developing infocommunications
in Singapore. This involves nurturing a competitive telecoms
market as well as a conducive business environment with
programmes and schemes for both local and international
companies. For more information, please visit www.ida.gov.sg
About Educational Technology Division/Ministry of Education
The Educational Technology Division (ETD) of the Ministry
of Education champions the use of educational technologies
to enhance educational processes. ETD provides customised
professional development to teachers, consultancy for technology
planning in schools, digital resource development to support
the curriculum and leads in research and development programmes
to support the implementation of the second Masterplan for
IT in education. For more information, please visit www.moe.gov.sg.
About Singapore Science Centre
The Singapore Science Centre (SSC) promotes science and technology
through exploration, discovery and non-formal self-learning
to the public and to students via an integrated approach
consisting of interactive exhibits, hands-on enrichment
programmes, scientific publications and outreach activities.
It has brought science into shopping malls, open parks
and onto television screens. The SSC houses about 1000
exhibits and a 276-seater Omnimax theatre. For more information
please visit www.science.edu.sg.
About Hewlett-Packard
Hewlett-Parkard is a technology solutions provider to consumers,
businesses and institutions globally. The company's offerings
span IT infrastructure, personal computing and access devices,
global services and imaging and printing. For the four
fiscal quarters ended July 31, 2004, HP revenue totaled
$78.4 billion. More information about HP (NYSE, Nasdaq:
HPQ) is available at www.hp.com.
For more information, please contact:
Choo Thong Tiong
Assistant Head (Promotion)
National Grid Office
21 Heng Mui Keng Terrace
Singapore 119613
Tel: (65) 6874-5583
Fax: (65) 6872-1361
Email: thongtiong@ngp.org.sg
______________________________________________________________
Annex A: Winners of the SG@home Ideas Competition
Schools Category
First Prize (Schools) : Weather/Climate Forecast
Submitted by: Celine Koh (Victoria Junior College)
Description:
Currently, the ex-fastest supercomputer in the world (recently
superseded by IBM's Blue Gene/L), the Earth Simulator, is
used to analyse climate change patterns. It has a sustained
performance of 35.86 teraflops. Through the aggregration
of millions of home computers, the total processor speed
may exceed this value, resulting in more efficient and accurate
analysis of the climate change patterns.
Weather is an intrinsic element of our lives and affects
everyone, everywhere, Singapore included. In tropical Singapore
in particular, the weather is highly unpredictable. Plans
for a barbeque at ECP in the evening are dashed at 3pm that
day because the skies above have opened. Increasingly, as
we near the end-of-year monsoon season, the weather has become
even more erratic.
Grid computing will enable the harnessing of unused processor
speeds from PCs of home users everywhere. This processor
speed, together with real-life climate data obtained from
satellites and ocean buoys etc, can then be used to chart
and predict the weather and climate accurately. Often however,
especially for tropical islands like Singapore, the weather
forecast provided is vastly inaccurate and hence this grand
challenge would appeal to most people.
Warning of impending thunderstorms could potentially minimize
the danger caused by lightning. This information could be
disseminated by using Short Message Service (SMS). SMSs could
be sent to people with mobile phones within for example,
a 10km radius of an area where a thunderstorm is predicted
to occur. Every year, people in Singapore die from the electric
shock caused by lightning. If people could be told in advance
that a certain area is likely to be struck by lightning,
they may well avoid the area and who knows, fewer lives may
be lost due to lightning strikes.
If implemented, this could make life a lot more convenient
for Singaporeans. We would no longer have to peer up at
the sky and wonder if the sunshine will soon fade to grey
and foil our plans for the day. Now wouldn’t that
be nice?
Second Prize (Schools): Improve Cancer Diagnosis
Submitted by: Eri Sasaki (CHIJ St. Nicholas Girls’ School)
Description:
The grid will enable participating hospitals to quickly
access medical data at distant locations and share analytical
programs that would be able to help in diagnosis. The grid
will also utilize sophisticated algorithms to uncover possible
cancer patterns that appear in the population. By culling
through data input at various hospitals, the system will
be able to spot an abnormal concentration of the disease
in a particular community or ethnic group. Another advantage
of grid computing is that it allows administrators to more
closely manage data spread across a variety of computers
running various operating systems. This challenge appeals
to those people diagnosed with cancer. Participating hospitals
would be able to learn more about algorithms and some things
about the computer as well as cancer diagnosis, enabling
them to work more efficiently the next time. Breast cancer
should be targeted for Singapore.
Third Prize (Schools): Game of GO
Submitted by: Andrew Lee Jia-Hong
(Anglo-Chinese School, Independent)
Description:
Deep
Blue is well-known for machine playing & winning
chess games with human grandmasters.
With the availability of immense compute processing power,
we should take on more challenging games like Go or Chinese
Chess (xiang qi), which is much more difficult to play than
chess and which requires pattern recognition of the kind
that many many computers put together can handle.
Go is known to be a more complex game than chess as there
are many more board positions to evaluate. The listing of
available computer programs can be found at www.usgo.org/resources/computer.asp.
I
am not so sure about the current status & strengths
of computer programs in Chinese Chess. Some useful URLs are:www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Grid/6544/cccintro.htm,
www.boardgamecentral.com/games/xiangqi.html,
etc. A Google search with key words like "chinese chess" and "computer
program" yields many such programs.
There are some ways to implement my idea:
a) Set up a web site that will become THE place on the Internet
for the game (Go or Chinese Chess). As Singapore is an Asian
country, this association with either game (of Asian origin)
is useful. Maybe we can get the local association for the
game to be involved.
b) Get people to donate computing resources to power the
computer game and pit it against human players in organized
virtual tournaments.
c) For publicity, arrange for ranked human players to pit
their wits against the grid-powered game program.
d) Put the running score of "kills" against
human players on the web site to create an aura of awe
...
e) Maybe we can pit 2 different game programs against each
other, each powered by different no. of CPUs. The choice
of which program to support is decided by the computer owners
who donate their CPU time. This can promote better research
into improving better Go/Chinese Chess programs among students.
Maybe the developers can be encouraged to use thus web site
to showcase their games as well.
f) The idea in (e) can also become Singapore's e-casino.
______________________________________________________________
IHLs Category
First Prize (IHLs): New Age Drama Show
Submitted by: Chee Pooi Mun (Nanyang Polytechnic)
Description:
As technology advances, people can make use of these advances
to enhance their work efficiency. I would like to introduce
my idea to be used hand in hand with Grid Computing.
Over many decades, drama productions are made with huge
amount of manpower, money and time. In the past, a large
drama creation may take months and months, or up to a year.
A large number of materials like painted background, woodwork,
canvas, etc. for creating a scene have to be designed and
made. The same applies to costumes and related accessories
for all the actors in the play. To carry out a full rehearsal
for the play, additional items like makeup for the artistes,
lighting, sound effects and a drama theatre would be needed.
Before a production is completed, they are usually many changes
required of the scenes, costumes, lightings, sound effects,
etc. These changes can significantly increase the cost and
time required to complete the drama production.
I believe grid computing is able to help in reducing cost
and time in a drama production.
My idea in this new age virtual drama show is to make use
of multimedia grid computing system to create a virtual version
of a theater show prior to making the real one. Graphics,
photographs, special effects and animations can be used to
simulate the desired scenes in the play. Grid computing,
with its immense computing power can be used to create the
entire virtual shows within a reasonable time frame and cost.
Changes to any part of the play can be carried out more easily
in the virtual show than in the real one. The manpower required
will also be much less than in creating a real drama show.
The virtual show is created on the computer following the
movie script with all the required scenes and costumes. The
completed show can then be shown to the show sponsors, producers,
directors, actors and all related personnel for viewing,
comment and feedback. If there are many changes to be made,
the many changes can be carried out at the same time on the
many computers in a grid computing network. Each computer
will be doing different jobs and will send their results
back to the client computer for compilation into final required
version. When the whole production team is satisfied with
the results, the making of the actual production can begin.
Therefore manual workload can be lessened thus increasing
speed and reducing time wastage.
The following are some suggestions for shows using this
platform:
1. Collectively produce a stage play on the past, present
and future of Singapore.
2. Collectively produce operas of different races in Singapore.
3. Concerted effort to make Singapore a more gracious society
by bringing theatre arts closer to its people.
4. Playing a part in making our cultural scene much more
vibrant.
5. Donate idle computer cycles to help set up a virtual
theatre stage for our budding young artists.
This idea can appeal to drama producers and the consumers
market. The producers can make use of the idea to speed up
their production process to reduce time and cost. Shorter
production time means more productions per year and this
will mean wider choice of stage plays for the public. Lower
production cost that can be translated into lower ticket
prices. Consumers can have a preview of the drama on screen
before deciding whether to watch the real show. With this
idea, may be we would be able to create more drama shows
in the future and hence giving ourselves more choices.
Second Prize (IHLs): Turbulence
Submitted by: Lim Wee Chuan (National University of Singapore)
Description:
Turbulence has been regarded by some researchers as the
most difficult and last unsolved problem of classical physics.
Despite its earlier origins than some of the greatest theories
of physics such as relativity and quantum theory, no general
theory of turbulence exists today. The importance of turbulence
spans across a diverse spectrum of disciplines ranging from
Aeronautical Engineering where it exerts complex and often
undesirable effects such as drag over the wings of airplanes
or hulls of ships and submarines to Chemical Engineering
where its presence is desirable for enhancing mixing in reactors,
heat and mass transfer rates in heat exchangers and separation
equipment. It is well recognized that turbulent flows often
exhibit many complex phenomena at different length and time
scales. The largest length scales are determined by the characteristic
dimensions of the system and usually exhibit interestingly
organized structures, otherwise known as coherent structures,
in the form of eddies or vortices amidst the seemingly random
flow field. On the other hand, the smallest scales of turbulence
where viscous dissipation takes place are known as the Kolmogorov
scales. With the advent of powerful supercomputers, many
researchers have resorted to numerical simulations to advance
our understanding of this subject. However, this approach
is exceedingly difficult and expensive due primarily to the
wide separation of scales, non-linearity of the governing
equations and apparent chaotic nature of the systems. As
such, most computations performed to-date have been targeted
at resolving the large-scale structures of turbulence using
techniques such as Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes, Large/Detached
Eddy Simulations with empirical Subgrid Scale models to account
artificially for small-scale effects.
One alternative and novel approach is to apply a discrete,
mesoscale modeling technique known as Dissipative Particle
Dynamics (DPD) for turbulence modeling of various fundamental
systems such as boundary layers, jets, wakes and free-shear
flows. DPD is a coarse-grained model with a good statistical-mechanical
basis applicable to mesoscales where diffusive processes
are important. At the same time, it reproduces the Navier-Stokes
equations at macroscopic scales so that proper descriptions
of hydrodynamic behaviors are guaranteed. It has been applied
successfully to multiphase flows, flows through porous media,
drop dynamics, rheology of polymer solutions and others.
DPD represents fluid clusters rather than molecules using
discrete particles. It is hypothesized that this mesoscaling
technique may be capable of simulating turbulence processes
at the Kolmogorov scales while at the same time reproducing
the large-scale coherent structures, thus effectively spanning
across the entire spectrum of turbulence. To achieve realistic
macroscopic length and time scales, the number of dissipative
particles and time steps to be simulated may each be in the
order of millions, requiring computers with teraflops capabilities.
However, this type of computation is also very amenable to
grid computing due to the short-ranged interactions between
dissipative particles and the possibility of dividing the
entire computational domain into a large number of weakly
dependent sub-domains. Each sub-domain containing typically
from hundreds to thousands of dissipative particles would
then be manageable by computers with modest memory sizes
and processing speeds such as PCs.
On a planetary scale, it has also allowed for the possibility
of both local weather forecasting as well as global climate
predictions. The weather is important to the aviation and
shipping industries and certainly to the livelihoods of the
general public in Singapore as well as worldwide. The idea
of Numerical Weather Prediction is expected to appeal to
both the aviation and shipping industries of Singapore. It
is also in line with the interests of some national research
institutes. Last but certainly not the least, it is expected
to have high mass appeals to the general population of the
country.
Third Prize (IHLs): Traffic Control and Simulation
Submitted by: Wang Zhen (Nanyang Technological University)
Description:
Singapore has been enjoying an advanced transportation
infrastructure for years. The Land Transport Authority
(LTA) has won international
acclaim for many achievements, for example, in developing
an efficient Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, in managing
urban traffic using the world’s first ever electronic
road pricing (ERP) scheme, and in application of intelligent
traffic control facilities (GLIDE, EMAS, J-EYES etc.) But
that is just the beginning of a continuous process to forge
a world class transport system. We still face tough challenges,
which demand the power of distributed computing technologies.
If you are living in Singapore, you probably
have experienced one of the following scenarios: on a sunny
weekend, your
car gets trapped in the big Orchard Road Jam, it crawls from
one end of Somerset Road to Ngee Ann City for over half an
hour, choking your shopping craze to a total death; worse
nightmare happens if you are a commuter traveling from Woodlands
Checkpoint to Malaysia – the endless queue of motorists
makes you wonder how awesome it looks like from a bird’s
eye view.
Will an increase of ERP charges curb the Orchard Road Jam?
Will the second link at Tuas subdue the Woodlands congestion?
These questions are hard to answer, and a wrong answer usually
costs much. To better predict the result of a change in transportation
infrastructure or policies, we could build a computational
model (i.e. cognitive multi-agent system or gas-kinetic model)
which helps us evaluate the pros and cons of a big decision
beforehand. For example, if the government legalised a casino
on the Sentosa tourist resort, potential traffic bottlenecks
might be highlighted by this system so that precautionary
measures could be taken. Besides the capacity of global traffic
simulation, this system could also optimise local routing
of vehicles, hopefully in real-time. For example, its simulation
result of driver behaviours could be exploited by the traffic
light control system (GLIDE) to minimise the overall waiting
time at road junctions. Do not underestimate the benefits.
LTA reports that motorists stand to save about $40 million
a year because of the existing GLIDE system, which only covers
a fraction of the roads and still needs much improvement.
A globally optimal traffic light switching scheme would
minimise our overall waste of time, maximise the traffic
flow, and prevent congestions. This highly complex optimisation
problem requires sophisticated vehicle sensors and massive
computing resources for real-time performance. Grid computing
technology therefore might be very beneficial in this application
domain. Microscopically, it helps to simulate and predict
driver behaviours in segmented local areas using cognitive
multi-agent system or similar models; or, a macroscopic approach
might be adopted to optimise traffic control based on gas-kinetic
models. Both tasks are divisible and thus computable in distributed
parallelism.
Realistic simulation of traffic model, however,
requires a huge amount of computing resources; fortunately
the task
is divisible and computable in parallelism. A distributed
computing project like SG@home therefore could be very beneficial
in this application domain. It would be a cool way for an
individual to contribute his/her spare CPU cycles to this
project pro bono publico, collaboratively bettering the transportation
system of Singapore with many other enthusiastic volunteers
who care about it as much as LTA does. It would also be cool
for an individual to contribute his/her spare CPU cycles
to this project pro bono publico. "See that traffic
light ahead? My imac at home is its co-coordinator!"
______________________________________________________________
Open Category
First Prize (Open): Cryptography
Submitted by: Leong Kok Hong
Description:
I believe many people have heard of public-key cryptography.
Public-key algorithms, also known as asymmetric algorithms,
are based on the use of two different sets of key for data
encryption. The private key must be knows only to its user,
and the public key can be known by anyone. The encryption
algorithm is the same at both ends: what is encrypted with
one key shall be decrypted with the other key using the same
algorithm.
In a secure conversation using public-key
cryptography, the sender encrypts a message using the receiver’s
public key. The key is called “public” because
it shall be make known to everyone. The encrypted message
is sent to the receiving end, which will decrypt the message
with its own private key. However, only the receiver can
decrypt the message because no one else has the private key.
Unfortunately, terrorist cells and organized criminals around
the region are capable to make good use of the existing cryptography
technology to communicate, plan and coordinate among themselves
in advance on their future terror strikes.
In the public-key system, it is relatively easy to compute
the public key from the private key, but extremely hard to
compute the private key from the public key. Some algorithms
need several years of constant computation to obtain the
private key from the public key. Therefore as long as the
receiver keeps the private key secret, no one but the receiver
will be able to decrypt the messages encrypted with the corresponding
public key.
Unlike the RC5 project in “distributed.net” that
calculates the RSA Labs 72-bit secret-key challenge with
a dummy message for the purpose of cracking longer symmetric
keys, the proposed grand challenge would utilize grid computing
with hundred thousands of nodes connected across Singapore
to assist our home security team to compute the private (asymmetric)
keys of any suspicious messages intercepted in our public
networks, and assist our home security team to expose any
likely terrorist assaults in advance, and help protecting
our citizens and public infrastructures in Singapore.
The proposed “Asymmetric-key Breaker” project
is cool because it is capable of utilizing several hundred
thousands of computing nodes at their idle time to form a
massively parallel processing system to break tough encryption
codes, which the same job can only be done currently by NSA
in America using incredulously expensive Cray’s T3E,
SV2 and X1 supercomputers.
The grand challenge is worthwhile because
it help supports the “homeland security” concept.
The project allows patriotic participants to do their part
in allocating
their idle computing cycles to break suspicious encrypted
messages, and contributing an effort in safeguarding our
nation.
The project also enables opportunists to gain theoretical
and working knowledge in large-scale network computing, massively
parallel processing, computer and network security, as well
as applied cryptography.
Second Prize (Open): Modeling HIV Pathogenesis Dynamics through
Multi-Agent Simulation
Submitted by: Tay Joc Cing
Description:
BACKGROUND
The human immune system consists of a wide range type of
cells and molecules, which collectively function to protect
us from a potentially infinite range of intruder types. Despite
advances in immunology, we still lack a full understanding
of the immune system. For example, we still do not have a
consistent conclusion on how HIV infection leads to a collapse
of the immune system resulting in AIDS. Besides laboratory
experiments, researchers have therefore increasingly turned
to mathematical and computational models in order to study
immune responses under viral attack. Conventionally, viral
pathogenesis dynamics are modeled by ordinary differential
equations (ODEs). This approach can predict macroscopic averaging
behaviors, but it lacks spatial and microscopic insights,
which may contain crucial information with regards to disease
progression.
THE CHALLENGE
We propose the challenge to simulate HIV
pathogenesis through a multi-agent model. In contrast to
ODE models, multi-agent
model treat cells and molecules as ‘agents’ and
let them freely interact with each other. The interactions
include viral infection, cytokine secretion and reception,
antigen presentation, antigen binding by immune cell receptors,
macrophage ingestion, and many others within our knowledge.
The simulation explores down to the level of cell-cell and
cell-molecule interactions, from which macroscopic behaviors
will emerge. By doing so we avoid directly making intuition-driven
assumptions in macroscopic behaviors, which are commonly
found in ODE models.
The simulation of Multi-agent models is more
computationally expensive than ODE models. For the latter,
system properties
such as steady states, stability properties and threshold
conditions can be analytically derived with just pen and
paper. Computer simulation is usually for demonstration and
confirmation purposes. Analyzing multi-agent model on the
other hand, relies almost entirely on computer simulation.
We do not expect any “analytical benchmark” for
such simulations; if there were, it would contradict the
intention of multi-agent models, that is, to deliberately
avoid any direct interventions to any properties at macroscopic
level because they are supposed to emerge from microscopic
cell-cell and cell-molecule interactions.
The high computational demand raises the
need of grid computing. Firstly, the number of autonomous
agents (i.e., cells or
molecules) is huge. For example, the CD4+ T cell count is
600 -1400/μl in a normal person. Even if we did
proportionally scale down the system to a mini version, these
agents inevitably consume considerable computational power.
Secondly, since the model relies on simulation rather than
analytical derivation, statistics need to be collected from
tens to hundreds simulation runs before conclusions can be
drawn.
THE BENEFIT
The benefit from multi-agent simulation of HIV pathogenesis
dynamics is tremendous. It is cool because the agents are
capable of autonomous and intelligent behavior, which lead
to evolutionary and co-evolutionary phenomena. Visualizing
them interacting in a 3-D graphical environment brings a
whole new dimension to what is traditionally known as simulation.
It implies the possibility of one day being able to expedite
the search for vaccine and drug therapies through software
simulation and viral pathogenesis prediction. This simulation
tool potentially supports many problems in immunology, biology,
intelligent agents and evolutionary theories.
Third Prize (Open): Simulation of Spread of Forest Fires
Submitted by: Terence Choo Cheng How
Description:
Forest fire disasters especially in E.Asia (Indonesia, East
Kalimantan) are catastrophic to the balance of nature. There
is a need to simulate the spreading of wild fire in different
region as the scenario and conditions are complex. Using
grid computing can shorten the computation and implement
more complex situations/scenarios.
The specific aim of the application is to be able to accelerate
the calculation of the simulated spread of fire in a complex
plane. It utilizes the prediction theory based on Maxwell
theorem to collate information gathered from the Grid. Partial
information is also being considered based on the mathematical
complex model which includes possible AI optimizer such as
Genetic Algorithm. By harnessing the spare cycles of PCs
and to efficiently deploy the application, more complex scenarios
can be simulated. The complexity to the situation can include
factors, such the wind speed, weather and geographical locality.
This challenge is cool as the participants can be very proud
of the contribution to prevent fatal disasters.
The values are 1) enabling limited technology to become
an outstanding useful supercomputer 2) to educate all walks
of life the grave impact of uncontrolled disaster and help
to provide free and significant information to countries
for consideration.
Specific benefits to the general public in Singapore are
improving the bilateral relation between both countries that
can stabilize regional economy. This could value-add to the
local and East Asia industrial investment and also contributed
to the green ecosystem that provides healthier living environment.
|
